What is Demineralized Bone Matrix?
Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is an acellular, non-antigenic natural bone graft material that is composed only of the organic matrix component of bone. It is processed from allograft bone tissue through an acid extraction technique that removes the mineral portion of the bone while keeping the collagen and morphogenic proteins intact. This processing results in a demineralized, decellularized bone that acts as a scaffold to stimulate new bone formation.
How is DBM Processed?
DBM is commonly derived from donated human tissues such as femoral heads or tibial plateau wedges. The processing begins by treating blocks of allograft bone with acids such as hydrochloric, citric, or acidic acid. This acid treatment selectively removes the inorganic mineral components such as hydroxyapatite from the bone matrix leaving behind the organic components. The demineralized bone is then thoroughly washed to remove any residual acid and mineral content. It is then freeze-dried and milled into a powder or particulated graft material. The end result is an acellular bone graft that contains the native non-collagenous proteins, collagen, glycosaminoglycans and growth factors of natural bone.
Composition and Mechanism of Action
The major components of the Demineralized Bone Matrix include type I collagen, non-collagenous proteins such as bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2 (IGF 1,2), and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). These proteins and growth factors induce various cellular responses that initiate the cascade of bone regeneration. When implanted, DBM acts as a scaffold that promotes cell migration, cellular adhesion, and new tissue formation. The matrix proteins guide osteoprogenitor cells, promote their differentiation into osteoblasts, and stimulate new bone growth through a complex series of cellular signaling events. The exposure of BMPs induces local mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into osteoblasts which lay down new osteoid tissue. Over time, the osteoid mineralizes to form new mature bone that replaces the degraded demineralized bone matrix scaffold.
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