Over the past decade, battery technology has advanced at an unprecedented rate due to growing global demand and substantial investments into research and development. Lithium-ion batteries, which currently power nearly all portable electronics as well as electric vehicles, have seen continuous improvements in energy density, lifespan, safety, and cost reductions through innovations at the materials level. Scientists are developing higher-capacity cathode and anode materials that can store and deliver more power than previous generations of lithium batteries. Researchers are also exploring new solid-state battery designs that replace flammable liquid electrolytes with solid conductive materials, improving safety significantly. These next-generation batteries hold great promise for stationary energy storage and electric aviation.

Grid-Scale Storage Needs

As the global energy landscape transitions away from fossil fuels towards renewable sources like solar and wind, large-scale energy storage is critical for balancing intermittent power supply and demand. Battery technologies capable of providing giga-watt hours of power for hours or days are needed to support electric grids with high renewable energy penetration. Lithium-ion Large Capacity Batteries  have found some use for short-duration grid-scale storage applications but struggle to meet the long-duration needs of utility grids economically due to the high cost per kWh of storage. New battery chemistries that offer higher energy density and longer lifespans at lower costs are being pursued to enable cost-effective, seasonal grid-scale storage. Promising options under development include lithium-sulfur, lithium-metal, and flow batteries using zinc,iron or multivalent metals.

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