Esters are organic compounds that are formed as a result of a condensation reaction between an alcohol and an acid. In an esterification reaction, an acid group from the acid molecule is replaced by an alkoxy group derived from the alcohol causing the loss of a water molecule. This process results in the formation of its compound and water.
Formation and Structure
Carboxylic acids contain a -COOH functional group that can react with alcohols. During esterification, the hydroxyl group (-OH) of the alcohol attacks the carbonyl carbon of the carboxylic acid, displacing the hydroxyl group and forming it. The general chemical structure of it contains a carbonyl carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom that is single bonded to an alkyl group (derived from the alcohol).
Properties and Uses of Common Esters
Esters have many distinct odors and are often used as fragrances or additives to give foods and cosmetics certain aromas. For example, ethyl acetate has a fruity odor and is the main component of various fruits. Butyl acetate smells like banana or pineapple. Methyl salicylate is responsible for the odor of wintergreens.
In addition to fragrances, they also play important roles in industrial solvents, coatings, and synthetic fibers. Ethyl acetate is a ubiquitous solvent used in nail polish removers and paint thinners due to its high vapor pressure and low toxicity. Polyesters are synthesized polymers formed from the reaction of dicarboxylic acids and diols. Their high strength and durability make polyesters valuable plastics used in clothing fibers like polyester.
Lipids and Fats Contain Esters
An important class of naturally occurring esters are the fats and oils withinliving organisms. They are composed of triacylglycerols which are formed between glycerol and three fatty acid molecules. Fats perform essential functions by storing energy and providing insulation. Within plant and algal cells, lipids like triglycerides allow for efficient energy transport and protection. Animals obtain lipids through consumption of plant and animal products rich in fats and oils.
Significant Sources in Daily Life
Many common products that people interact with daily contain without even realizing it. In addition to fragrances, solvents, fibers, and lipids mentioned above, they play roles in:
- Soaps and detergents (made from fat/oil). Sodium stearate and sodium laurate make effective cleansing agents.
- Candle wax (blend of fatty acid). Palm oil and beeswax are both mono, di, and triacylglycerides that melt at skin-safe temperatures for illumination.
- Salicylic acid. These active ingredients soothe skin when applied in topical medications like aspirin creams and Bengay muscle rubs.
- Food additives and preservatives. Esters of butyric, acetic, and benzoic acids help extend shelf life of baked goods, snacks, and beverages.
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